Differences between Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu that you need to know

In Javanese, there are two main variants used in everyday conversation, namely “Ngoko” (ordinary) and “Krama” (smooth). Each of these variants has a different level of formality. In this context, we will discuss the differences between “Ngoko Alus” and “Ngoko Lugu” as two variants of the Javanese language Ngoko.

1. Ngoko Alus:

   • High Level of Formality: Ngoko Alus is used in more official or formal situations, such as talking to older people, superiors, or in official contexts such as speeches or official letters .
   • Honor and Respect: In Ngoko Alus, there are stronger elements of honor and respect. Words or expressions that express respect for the person you are talking to are often used.
   • Pronouns: In Ngoko Alus, second person pronouns such as “sampeyan” (you) are more commonly used than other forms of Ngoko such as “kowe” or “sira”.

2. Innocent Ngoko:

   • Low Level of Formality: Ngoko Innocent is used in more casual or intimate conversations. This is suitable for talking with peers or in less formal situations.
   • Not Too Many Expressions of Honor: In Ngoko Lugu, expressions of honor or respect towards the person you are talking to tend to be simpler or less often used.
   • Pronouns: In Ngoko Lugu, more familiar second person pronouns such as “kowe” or “sira” are more commonly used than more formal forms such as “sampeyan ” .

These differences reflect the level of formality and type of communicative situation in which each variant of Ngoko Javanese is used. It is important to understand these differences in order to communicate appropriately according to the context and culture that applies in the Javanese speaking community.

To understand more about the differences between Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu. So you can read a more detailed explanation regarding the differences between Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu below.

What is Ngoko Alus and What is Ngoko Lugu?

Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu are two variants of Javanese Ngoko, which is a form of Javanese used in everyday conversation. The following are the basic definitions of these two variants:

1. Ngoko Alus:

   • High Level of Formality: Ngoko Alus is a variant of the Javanese Ngoko language which is used in more official or formal situations.
   • Respectful Language: In Ngoko Alus, there are stronger elements of honor and respect. This means speaking politely and respecting the person you are talking to, especially if they are older or in a higher position.
   • Second Person Pronouns: In Ngoko Alus, second person pronouns more formal ones such as “sampeyan” (you) are often used.
   • Examples of Usage: Ngoko Alus is used in official contexts such as speeches, official letters, or talking to older people or have a higher position in the social hierarchy.

2. Ngoko Lugu:

   • Low Level of Formality: Ngoko Lugu is a variant of Javanese Ngoko language that is used in more relaxed or intimate situations.
   • More Informal Language: In Ngoko Lugu, the strong element of honor and reverence is not always emphasized. The language used is simpler and less formal.
   • Second Person Pronouns: In Ngoko Lugu, more familiar second person pronouns such as “kowe” or “sira” are often used.
   • Examples of Use: Ngoko Lugu is suitable for use in everyday conversations with peers or in less formal situations.

The main difference between the two is the level of formality and the use of more familiar second person pronouns in Ngoko Lugu compared to the more formal pronouns in Ngoko Alus. Choosing the right Javanese Ngoko language variant depends on the communication context and the level of familiarity between the speakers.

Level of Innocence

Ngoko Innocent has language characteristics that are more relaxed, simple, and tend to be less formal than Ngoko Alus in Javanese. This characteristic reflects the level of innocence in everyday communication. The following are some of the characteristics of language in Ngoko Lugu:

1. Language that is not too formal: Ngoko Lugu is used in casual, everyday conversations. The language used tends to be less formal, so there are not many special elements of honor or respect used.

2. More familiar pronouns: Personal pronouns the two more familiar ones such as “kowe” or “sira” are often used in Ngoko Lugu. This creates a closer and more intimate atmosphere between the speakers.

3. Simple Phrases: Phrases in Ngoko Lugu tend to be simpler and less complicated. The vocabulary and grammar used are easier to understand than in Ngoko Alus.

4. A less awkward way of speaking: Speakers in Ngoko Lugu don’t need to be too careful -Beware of rigid grammar or strict rules. They can be more free in conveying their thoughts.

5. Suitable for Intimate Conversations: Ngoko Lugu is suitable for use in conversations with peers, family, or in situations which is familiar. This creates a more comfortable and natural atmosphere in communicating.

6. Possible Use of Local Dialects: In Ngoko Lugu, there is sometimes the use of local dialects or variations of words- words that are specific to a particular region. This can add a nuance of intimacy to the conversation.

It is important to remember that the use of Ngoko Lugu must be adapted to the context and relationship between the speakers. Even though it is more relaxed, it is important to still respect the person you are talking to and understand when it is appropriate to use this language, especially in situations that require a higher level of formality.

Courtesy and Politeness

The level of respect in speaking reflects how we respect and treat our interlocutor or listener. This can be reflected through the choice of words, expressions and speaking styles used in our communication. In speaking, there are different levels of respectability, and the choice of this level of respectability depends on the prevailing context and culture. One relevant example is in Javanese, where there are different degrees of honorifics in the Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu variants, which we discussed earlier. The following are several points related to propriety and honor in speaking:

1. Use of Formal Language (Alus) vs. Informal (Innocent) Language:The choice between formal (high) and informal (low) language may reflect the level of respectability. Formal language is often used to show respect to the person you are talking to, especially if they are older or have a higher position in the social hierarchy. In contrast, informal language is used in more relaxed or intimate situations.

2. Pronouns and Titles: The use of different second person pronouns and titles is a way of general to indicate a level of honor. In Indonesian, the use of “anda” (formal) compared to “you” (informal) is a similar example. Likewise, the use of titles such as “Mr” or “Ibu” in Indonesian is a common example of respect.

3. Expressions of Respect: Use of expressions Respects such as “thank you,” “sorry,” or “regards” are other ways to show respect in speaking. This can reflect sincere gratitude or apology.

4. Attitude and Manners: Apart from words, attitude and politeness in speaking also important. Listening patiently, not interrupting, and maintaining eye contact are part of respectful communication with the person you are talking to.

5. Local Culture: The level of respect in speaking can be very varies between different cultures and languages. It is important to understand the honor norms that apply in a particular culture and language when communicating with people from different cultures.

Choosing the appropriate level of honor in speaking is important for building relationships good relations with others and to respect prevailing cultural values. Politeness in speaking can also create a comfortable atmosphere in communication.

Context of Use

The use of Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu in Javanese, as well as the use of honorific levels in other languages, is very dependent in the communication context. Below, I will give some examples of situations when Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu are commonly used:

Usage of Ngoko Alus:

1. Official Conversation: In official or formal situations such as speeches, lectures, or business meetings, Ngoko Alus is more commonly used to show a high level of honor and politeness.

2. Talking to Older People: When talking to someone who is older or has a higher position in the social hierarchy, using Ngoko Alus is a polite way to respect them.

3. Official or Business Letters: When writing formal letters or in written business communications, such as business emails, the use of Ngoko Alus is often considered appropriate.

4. Official Government Situations: In official communications with the government or government officials, the use of Ngoko Alus is the norm.

Usage Ngoko Lugu:

1. Everyday Conversations: In everyday conversations with peers, family, or work colleagues with relationships familiar, Ngoko Lugu is often used to create a relaxed atmosphere.

2. Talking with Friends: In the context of friendship or in casual social activities , Ngoko Lugu is usually more suitable to use.

3. Informal Conversation in the Work Environment: In the workplace, when talking to co-workers in more informal situations casually, the use of Ngoko Lugu is acceptable.

4. Conversations with Children: When talking to children, either as a parent or teacher, use simpler, less formal language is more common.

5. Communication in Small Groups: In small, close-knit groups, such as nuclear families, the use of Ngoko Lugu is a natural choice.

It is important to understand the context and relationship with the person you are talking to when choosing between Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu. Mistakes in honor level selection can result in discomfort or misunderstandings in communication. Therefore, it is important to always pay attention to the situation and culture that applies in speaking.

Vocabulary and Phrases

Differences in the vocabular (words) and phrases used in Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Innocent reflects the level of formality and familiarity in Javanese communication. Here are some examples of differences in words and common expressions in the two variants:

Ngoko Alus:

1. Formal Greetings: An example of a formal greeting in Ngoko Alus is “Gusti” (God) as a substitute for “Mang” which is more commonly used in Ngoko Lugu. For example, “Gusti mboten mangan” (You don’t eat) instead of “Mang mboten mangan” in Ngoko Lugu.

2. Formal Second Person Pronouns: Usage more formal second person pronouns such as “Sampeyan” (you) are more common in Ngoko Alus.

3. Expressions of Honor: Expressions that express respect to the person you are talking to is often used, such as “Goodbye, Gusti.” (Please excuse yourself, Lord).

4. Rich Vocabulary: In Ngoko Alus, you may find a richer vocabulary and a greater variety of words large, especially in official or literary contexts.

Ngoko Lugu:

1. Familiar Greetings:Familiar greetings such as “Mang” (Brother) are more often used in Ngoko Lugu. For example, “Mang mboten manganese” (You don’t eat).

2. Familiar Second Person Pronouns: More familiar second person pronouns such as “Kowe ” or “Sira” is commonly used in Ngoko Lugu.

3. Simpler Language: Words and expressions in Ngoko Lugu tend to be simpler and more direct . For example, “How are you?” in Ngoko Alus it could be “Kabar piye?” in Ngoko Lugu.

4. Less Honor: Simpler or less frequent expressions of respect used in Ngoko Lugu.

5. Suitable for Intimate Situations: The words and expressions in Ngoko Lugu are suitable for use in intimate conversations, including with peers or within the family.

The differences in vocabulary and phrases create different nuances in Javanese communication between Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu. It is important to choose words and expressions that suit the level of formality or familiarity in your communication situation.

Conjugation and Grammar

Differences in sentence structure between Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu in language Javanese mainly reflects the level of formality and familiarity in communication. Here are some differences in conjugation and grammar between the two:

Ngoko Alus:

1. Formal Verbs: In Ngoko Alus, verbs tend to follow a more formal form. For example, “I eat” can become “I manganese” in Ngoko Alus.

2. The “Ing” particle: The “ing” particle is often used in Ngoko Alus to indicate a location or destination. For example, “I go to school” can become “I mlayu ing school” in Ngoko Alus.

3. Formal Pronouns: Second person pronouns formals such as “Sampeyan” (you) are often used in Ngoko Alus. For example, “You came here” can become “You come maring kene” in Ngoko Alus.

4. Use of Formal Greetings: Use of formal greetings such as “Mr” or “Mrs” is more common in Ngoko Alus, especially when talking to older people or in formal situations.

Ngoko Lugu:

1. Informal Verbs: In Ngoko Lugu, verbs tend to follow a more informal form. For example, “I eat” can become “Aku manganese” in Ngoko Lugu, with the same verb as in Ngoko Alus.

2. The particle “Nang” or “Mang ”: The particle “nang” or “mang” is often used in Ngoko Lugu to replace “ing” in Ngoko Alus. For example, “I go to school” can become “Aku mlayu nang/mang school” in Ngoko Lugu.

3. Familiar Pronouns: Pronouns A more familiar second person such as “Kowe” or “Sira” is often used in Ngoko Lugu. For example, “You came here” can become “Kowe came maring kene” in Ngoko Lugu.

4. Use of Familiar Greetings: Use of familiar greetings such as “Mang” (Brother) is more common in Ngoko Lugu, reflecting a more relaxed atmosphere in communication.

This difference creates a different nuance in communication between the two Javanese variants. It is important to choose word conjugations and grammar that suit the context and level of formality or familiarity in your conversation.

Cultural Communication

Cultural aspects play an important role in the Javanese language and in communication in general . Javanese is not only a means of communication, but also a reflection of the values, norms and cultural traditions adhered to by the community that speaks the language. Below, I will explain several cultural aspects that influence the Javanese language:

1. Respect for Age and Status: Javanese culture places great emphasis on respect for those who are superior old or have a higher social status. This is reflected in the choice of different second person pronouns (Ngoko Alus vs. Ngoko Lugu) and in the more formal way of speaking in certain situations.

2. The Value of Mutual Cooperation: The principle of mutual cooperation or gotong-royong is one of the fundamental values in Javanese culture. This is reflected in the language and way of speaking which often depicts cooperation and attention to common interests.

3. Politeness in Communication: Politeness is an important part of Javanese communication . Words or expressions expressing respect and politeness are often used, especially in Ngoko Alus. Showing honor to people who are older or who have a higher status is a practice that is highly respected in Javanese culture.

4. Spirituality and Religious Values: Language Java often reflects the spiritual and religious values in Javanese culture. Words or expressions related to religious beliefs such as Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, or Kejawen (traditional Javanese beliefs) can color conversations and poetry.

5. Art and Culture Literature:The Javanese language is rich in traditional arts and literature, such as wayang kulit, tembang macapat (a type of Javanese poetry), and kakawin poetry. It reflects the strong cultural influence of art in the Javanese language and is often used to convey cultural and moral messages.

6. Culture of Clothing and Ceremonies: Javanese also reflects traditional clothing culture such as kebaya and batik, as well as various traditional ceremonies such as weddings, Selamatetan (thanksgiving ceremonies), and others. The expressions and words used in this context reflect typical traditions and culture.

7. Dialect Differences: Javanese has many dialects based on geographical areas. Each dialect can reflect different cultural nuances in the use of words and grammar.

When communicating in Javanese, understanding these cultural aspects is very important. This helps you interact with Javanese people more effectively and respect their cultural values and traditions.

Acceptance by Society

Use of Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu in Javanese communication can influence how people respond to you, especially in terms of respect and connection between speakers. How society responds to the use of these two variations can vary depending on various factors, including context, situation, and relationship between speakers. Here are some ways people might respond to the use of Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu:

1. Use of Ngoko Alus:

• Respect and Politeness: The use of Ngoko Alus is often considered an act of high respect and politeness towards the person you are talking to, especially if they are older or have a higher social status. This can earn respect and appreciation from others.

• Formal Situations: In formal or official situations, such as speeches or business meetings, the use of Ngoko Alus is expected and appreciated as a sign of professionalism.

• Cultural Appreciation: Javanese people often appreciate the use of Ngoko Alus as a form of preserving traditional Javanese culture.

2. Use of Ngoko Lugu:

• Casual and Familiar: The use of Ngoko Lugu is suitable for creating a relaxed and intimate conversational atmosphere. It is usually used in everyday conversations with peers or close colleagues.

• Friendly Attitude: Using Ngoko Innocent can create the impression that you are a friendly and approachable person.

• Informal Situations: In informal situations, such as social or family gatherings, the use of Ngoko Lugu is the norm and considered natural.

However, it is important to remember that a person’s response to the use of Ngoko Alus or Ngoko Lugu can also be influenced by their background, generation, and personal preferences. Therefore, it is important to always pay attention to the context and relationship with the person you are speaking to when choosing the right Javanese language variant. As non-native Javanese speakers, Javanese may also be more willing to forgive mistakes in language use if they see you trying to speak their language.

Language Teaching and Maintenance

Maintaining and teaching both forms of language, namely Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu, in Javanese culture has several important reasons:

1. Respect for Tradition and Cultural Identity: Maintaining both This form of language is a way to respect and preserve the rich cultural traditions of Javanese society. Language is an important part of cultural identity, and by maintaining language, we also maintain the cultural roots and values that come from that language.

2. Richer Understanding: Understanding and mastering both forms of the language provides a richer understanding of the Javanese language. This allows speakers to communicate more effectively in a variety of contexts and with a variety of people.

3. Flexible Communication Skills: Mastering both forms of language allows a person to communicate flexibly in various situations, both formal and informal. This can be useful in everyday life, work, and social interactions.

4. Respect for Others: In Javanese culture, it is appropriate to use language to respecting the person you are talking to is important. By mastering both forms of language, we can respect older people or those of higher social status using Ngoko Alus, while also being able to speak casually and intimately with peers using Ngoko Lugu.

5. Important for the Younger Generation: Teaching both forms of the language to the younger generation is a way to pass on cultural traditions and values to them. This can help keep the Javanese language alive and relevant in the future.

6. Ability in Work and Education: Language is an important tool in education and the world Work. Understanding and mastering both forms of the Javanese language can open up wider educational and employment opportunities in Javanese culture and the surrounding region.

In an effort to maintain and teach these two forms of the language, it is important to take advantage of formal and cultural education, such as schools, cultural groups, or community activities that support Javanese language learning. In this way, we can keep this cultural wealth alive and continue to develop for future generations.

Development and Dynamics of the Javanese Language

Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu, as two forms of language in the language Javanese, has survived and remains relevant in the development of the Javanese language and Javanese culture as a whole. This can be explained by the following factors:

1. Strong Cultural Values: The Javanese language, in both its forms, reflects very strong cultural values respected in Javanese society, such as respect for elders, the value of mutual cooperation, and politeness in communication. These values are still highly respected in society, so these two forms of language remain relevant.

2. Cultural Continuity: Javanese culture is a very strong culture and sustainable, with traditions that have endured for centuries. Javanese languages, including Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu, are an integral part of this culture. Javanese people feel it is important to preserve and pass on their traditions to future generations, including their language.

3. Usage in Traditional Ceremonies and Religious Rituals: Javanese language, especially in the form of Ngoko Alus, often used in traditional ceremonies and important religious rituals in Javanese culture. These two forms of language play an important role in communicating religious messages and customs that must be adhered to.

4. Cultural Heritage in Arts and Literature: Javanese language, especially in the form of kakawin poetry and tembang macapat, remains an active cultural heritage in Javanese art and literature. Literary works in Javanese continue to be created and maintained, illustrating the relevance of Javanese in this field.

5. Increasing Concern for Cultural Heritage: More and more efforts are being made to preserve the Javanese language and Javanese culture in general. This includes Javanese language lessons in schools, cultural research projects, and community activities that support the maintenance of language and culture.

Despite the influence of the Indonesian language and globalization, the Javanese language , including Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu, remain an important component of Javanese cultural identity. These two forms of language are still considered effective tools for conveying cultural values and communicating in various diverse Javanese cultural contexts. Thus, they continue to be relevant and well maintained in Javanese culture.

Conclusion Difference between Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu

In conclusion, Javanese is a rich language with two main variants, namely Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu, which reflect the level of formality and familiarity in communication. Ngoko Alus is used in formal and official situations, with more formal pronouns and words, while Ngoko Lugu is used in casual, everyday conversation, with more familiar pronouns.

It’s important to understand the differences between these two variants and choosing the right one according to the context of communication and the relationship with the interlocutor. The use of these two forms of language also reflects Javanese cultural values, such as respect for elders, mutual cooperation, and politeness in speaking.

Maintaining and teaching these two forms of language is important to preserve tradition and identity Javanese culture. Despite the influence of Indonesian and globalization, Javanese remains relevant in Javanese culture and continues to be used in various contexts, including in art, literature, traditional ceremonies, and everyday communication. Thus, the Javanese language, with its two Ngoko variants, remains a valuable asset in Javanese cultural heritage.

That’s the discussion regarding the differences between Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu. If there are any errors, especially in writing, please forgive. If you have any questions regarding the differences between Ngoko Alus and Ngoko Lugu, you can write them in the comments column provided.